140 
EUROPE AND AFRICA 
that, while the powers declined to recognize Turkey’s claim 
to Tunis in 1856 out of courtesy to France, nothing was said 
at that time, or in 1878, as to the integrity of lands in the 
equatorial regions acquired after 1856. Salisbury was ready 
to join with France in the delimitation of the western fron- 
tiers of the Egyptian Sudan, and assured the French states- 
men that the withdrawal of Marchand would in no way 
compromise their claims; but he declined to consider any 
division of the Bahr-el-Ghazal district. 
While this discussion was in progress, the British for- 
warded a message from M. Delcassé to Major Marchand, 
asking for this report; and in October one of his officers, 
through the courtesy and assistance of the British officials, 
made his way to Paris via Cairo. In November, Marchand 
received instructions to withdraw from Fashoda by way of 
the Sobat River in Abyssinia. In due time he reached 
French Somaliland in safety and arrived in Paris toward 
the end of May, 1899, where he was welcomed with a great 
ovation. But the fate of the Upper Nile had already been 
definitely determined in an agreement signed by Salisbury 
and Paul Cambon on March 21.1 
The whole frontier between the French sphere of influence 
in Central Africa and the British-Egyptian sphere of influ- 
ence on the Nile and in the Sudan was carefully worked out 
in this treaty. Bahr-el-Ghazal and the old province of 
Dar-Fur were retained for Egypt; and the kingdom of the 
Ouadai (Wadai), with the two valuable oases of Tibesti and 
Borku, went to France. This arrangement allowed France 
to round out her Sahara possessions south of Tripoli, joined 
them securely with the Lake Chad lands, and these again 
with the Upper Congo. This area northeast of Lake Chad, 
however, was not effectively and permanently occupied until 
1 Arch. Dip., 1899, vol. 1, p. 210; also Supplement to Amer. Jour. of 
Internat. Law, 1907, vol. 1, p. 425.