ORGANIZATION OF SUPPLY 187 
ganized the production of fur coats and other clothing from sheep 
skins bought by the Union. The provincial zemstvo board of Ka- 
luga organized the manufacture by the peasantry of wadded 
blouses lined with cloth; the provincial zemstvo board of Tver 
undertook to supply 150,000 to 200,000 pair of army boots, and so 
on. In the manufacturing of boots the zemstvos resorted to various 
methods and where necessary, large up-to-date factories were estab- 
lished, equipped with the latest machinery, special workshops were 
opened, the work being also given out to cottage workers, and these 
were sometimes combined into large associations, which were under 
the supervision of zemstvo experts. 
The production of underwear was at first concentrated chiefly in 
the city of Moscow, but gradually extended to the districts in Mos- 
cow province. By December, 1916, the committees of the Zemstvo 
Union in eleven provinces had also undertaken this kind of work 
and opened 243 workshops employing 50,000 women. 
After the middle of 1915, when the Unions of Zemstvos and of 
Towns established a joint committee for the supply of the army, 
their work was greatly expanded. Thirty-eight provincial zemstvos 
appointed army supply committees and entrusted them with the 
production of military equipment, including munitions of war. This 
work will be considered in Chapter XIII.