WORK IN THE ARMY 
western front alone effected 912,298 inoculations against cholera 
and typhoid and 50,410 against smallpox.’ 
On the western front the Zemstvo Union succeeded in organizing 
the campaign for the prevention of epidemics a little later. On Octo- 
ber 11, 1915, the Union convoked at Smolensk a conference of bac- 
teriologists and army doctors, which was presided over by the chief 
of the medical service of the western front. It was decided that 
inoculations against typhoid fever should at once be begun on a 
large scale, and that inoculations against cholera would also be nec- 
essary. Official inoculation commissions were then created with the 
participational zemstvo doctors. The Zemstvo Union undertook to 
supply serums for the needs of the entire western front as well as 
necessary instruments and also to undertake a, part of the work of 
inoculation. In Smolensk and Minsk the Union opened special 
laboratories for the testing of serums received from Moscow, and 
organized thirty inoculation squads which during the first ten weeks, 
that is, up to December 22, 1915, carried out 468,304 inocula- 
tions.18 
215 
By November 1, 1916, the total number of zemstvo inoculation 
squads on all the fronts was already eighty-four. 
By the summer of 1916 most of the men in the field had been 
noculated against typhoid, and in some of the armies against both 
typhoid and cholera. In the course of the summer of 1916 special 
inoculations against cholera were performed in many instances, and 
by November 1 of the same year the total number of all inoculations 
had reached about 5,000,000. The conference of representatives of 
the army medical service and of the Union of Zemstvos which met 
on August 28, 1916, came to the unanimous conclusion that the 
prompt inoculations had tended considerably to reduce sickness and 
mortality in the army. At the same time the conference found it de- 
sirable to repeat the anti-typhoid inoculations of the troops twice a 
year. 
From what has been stated above it will be seen that the enter- 
prise of the Zemstvo Union yielded beneficial results, and that the 
plan and the methods adopted in the selection of vaccines and in the 
'7 Ibid., Nos. 85-36, p. 243. 
'® Ibid., Nos. 80-31, pp. 188-191. 
‘* Six on the northern front, forty-four on the western, thirty on the 
southwestern, and four in the Caucasus.