12 THE ZEMSTVOS DURING THE WAR 
nually. Requiring vast amounts of other anti-epidemic vaccines and 
serums, the zemstvos proceeded to set up their own bacteriological 
laboratories for their production. In 1914 such institutions were 
maintained by the following eleven provincial zemstvos: Vyatka, 
Ekaterinoslav, Perm, Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Tula, Ufa, 
Kherson, Chernigov, and Tambov. 
Of the twenty-nine Russian Pasteur Institutes for the treatment 
of rabies, five belonged to the Government, eight were maintained by 
private individuals and medical associations, three belonged to the 
municipalities, three were under the joint auspices of municipalities 
and zemstvos, and ten were maintained by the zemstvos alone. 
Eight provincial zemstvos had special sanitariums for mineral 
water cures or mud-bath treatment. The mud baths of Saki main- 
tained by the Tauride zemstvo were famed throughout Russia and 
attracted as many as 2,500 patients every year from all parts of the 
country. 
In concluding our brief survey of the public health work of the 
zemstvos, we may also mention the establishment of special training 
schools for junior medical officers and midwives. Such institutions 
were maintained by twenty-eight provincial and two district zem- 
stvos. 
Orphanages. 
Among the legacies inherited by the provincial zemstvos from the 
Departments of Public Welfare of the old era were the homes for 
the aged and orphanages for abandoned children. The former insti- 
tutions continued to be maintained by the zemstvos on about the 
same modest scale as previously. As for the care of abandoned chil- 
dren, however, it may be stated that some of the zemstvos achieved 
substantial results. Apart from orphanages for abandoned children, 
eleven provincial zemstvos established orphanages for children who 
had lost both parents, while nine zemstvos organized in connection 
with orphanages the so-called institution of “patronage,” that is, 
boarding out the children, until they came of age, with peasant 
families. Naturally, adequate supervision was organized to see that 
such children were properly brought up and educated. Many zem- 
stvos had several thousand such wards to care for. 
During the last years before the War, as a result of industrial 
expansion and the consequent increasing drift of the rural popula-