86 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA 
duration of this arrangement is not recorded, but I think 
that it may be taken as temporary, and that it ended when, 
in the 15th year, the qaniingo-rates came into force. 
The method of calculating these rates is not on record, 
and the rates themselves have not been preserved; but the 
information which is available! appears to me to justify 
the conclusion that each qaniingo was required to prepare 
for his pargana a schedule of crop-yields in the same form 
as that which had previously been in use, showing the 
Demand on each crop, stated in grain, as one-third of the 
average produce; that is to say, the basic rule of assessment 
was unchanged, but it was applied separately to each 
pargana, instead of to the Empire as a whole. The Demand 
continued to be made in cash on the basis of local prices, 
and the figures for these still required the Emperor’s sanction 
from season to season; the imporjant difference was that 
the grain-Demand, to which these ngures were applied, was 
now based on local. instead of general, productivity. It 
is perhaps going too far to speak of “each pargana’: there 
was indeed a ganiingo in each pargana, but some of these 
charges were very small, and it is probable that schedules 
for adjoining parganas would sometimes be identical or 
nearly so. I suspect that the grouping of parganas into 
assessment-circles, which characterised the next set of 
rates, may really have originated at this time. but I have 
found no evidence on the point. 
At the time when this change was made, the Revenue 
Ministry was in charge of Muzaffar Khan and Raja Todar 
Mal. The former was still responsible for the general ad- 
ministration as well, and we may infer that the real author 
of the qaniingo-rates was the Raja, a figure equally 
prominent in history and in legend. As we shall see, 
Todar Mal was not responsible for the introduction of the 
next change in assessment, so that when his rates are 
spoken of by later writers, the reference ought to be to those 
which are now under discussion.? 
The introduction of the giniingo-rates can be traced in 
the figures of “ The Nineteen-Year,” which we have already 
! The information on this point is brought together in Appendix E. 
* My reasons for discarding the much later account of Todar Mal's rates 
ziven in the chronicle of Khwafi Khin will be found in Appendix F