230 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA

TEXT-NOTES.

Cl 3. “Bids.” Paz raftanihi in text is clearly a blunder for pazfruftanihd
 [D].
“Land-wreckers,”” reading mukharribin for muhazziban. Or.
2039 can be so read.
7. ‘“‘not in such a way,” reading na for ta, as Or. 2039.
26. ‘If you wish,” reading khwahed for khwahad, as Or. 2039.
,» '‘not to be exposed,” reading nayuftad for biyuftad, as Or. 2039.
38. ‘should appropriate.” reading isibat for isavat, as Or. 2039.

3

Notes.
(1) “Rule of the produce,” hukm-i hisil. See note 3 to the preceding
passage.
(2) “Crop-failure,” bid wa nabud-hda. The technical force of this
phrase, literally ‘‘existence and non-existences,” is fixed by Akbar’s
assessment rules (Ain, i. 288), in which the clerk is directed to deduct the
nibiid and record the bid, that is, to exclude from the measured area the
area on which the crop had failed. Presumably the word apportionments,
gismat, refers to the process of classifying the area of failure. The word
“nabood”’ survived into the nineteenth century in the wider sense of a
deduction from the gross assessment (Rev. Sel., i. 305).
(3) ‘“Enhancement-mongers,” muwaffiran. This word, which is not
in the dictionaries, may safely be referred to the technical sense of taufir
as any secret profit derived from land. In a later passage (574), Barni
uses the equivalent taufir-numayan, i.e. discloser of secret profit. It is
clearly a bit of office jargon, and Mr. Dewhurst adopted the expression
“ enhancement-monger,”’ which I coined as a rough equivalent.
(4) “Hindu” in this passage has obviouslv the same restricted meaning
as in that which precedes it.
(5) ““Amirs and maliks.” At this time there were three recognised
titles of nobility, Khan, Amir, and Malik; here the words are best read
loosely as denoting ‘‘ nobles.”
(6) “Officials,” ‘@milan, ‘ummal. The word ‘amil had not yet been
specialised to denote a definite post, but meant any executive official.
(7) “Agents and deputies,” karkunan wa mutasaryifan. Karkun is
stymologically an agent. I am not clear whether by this time it had
become specialised as “clerk,” the meaning it usually bears in the sixteenth
 century; some passages can be read in this way, but others are
doubtful, and perhaps specialisation was in progress, but was not complete.
[ have found no passage to indicate whether or not mutasarrif denoted a
particular post; the word occurs in connection with the local bureaucracy,
and may mean either subordinates in general, or a particular class of
subordinates.
(8) ‘‘Considerable sums,” mu‘tadd-ha. 1 take this to mean “a considerable
 sum,” literally ‘‘a thing counted.” and hence “a thing worth
counting.” [D.]
The words iqtd and Muqti, which are preserved in the translation, have
been discussed in Appendix B. Their preservation is intended to bring
ont the force of the recurring duplications.