UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 67

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the twelve months of the years. Both of these companies, the Eastman
 Kodak Co. and the Bausch-Lomb Co. have told us their payrolls
have not varied in the course of a year $300 in any given month in
these periods of depression which we have gone through. That was
corroborated by a men’s clothing company, high class tailors, in
Style-Grade clothing. They had worked out a system and had given
their people forty-eight weeks work in the year, and they had only
three hundred people in their company, a paper company in New
York State, in Troy. And there are many thrilling descriptions that
tome to us from leading industrialists for the establishment of means
to prevent unemployment in their own particular industries.
In other words, capable management is taking the problem of seasonal
 unemployment in hand in a scientific way, and with great goodwill,
 and with appreciation of the fact that the settlement of that
Problem is essential for the health of the whole of American industry.
I think it is obvious to every one who has studied the situation over
the many years in which we have data, that prosperity in America, in
the face of the multitude types of improved machinery, that it depends
more and more in extending the consumer market. If we are being
able by mass production, to manufacture so many more cameras and
high class overcoats and suits and shoes and stockings, then we must
find a place to sell them. We must have an extending consumer
market. The lowering of the cost of production on these mass-produced
 goods makes it possible for poorer people to buy them and it
brings into the consuming class of the public the wage earners of
America. So you see the problem is to build up and keep up the
Wage-earning consumer market, and maintain the American level in
industry and in living.
. Now, as I said, the industrialist himself will probably manage to
Iron out the season curves in production and get rid of seasonal unemployment
 in industries by diversifying production and by securing
advance orders and paying bonuses on advance orders. Procter &
Gamble Co. give a reduction or a bonus to people who will order their
soap on an annual basis, and so that they can have some basis for a
stabilized production program. }
These things will go a long way to getting rid of these seasonal
unemployment periods; and in that way the Government can give a
great deal of help to these people bv information collected in a national
way. :
As to the problem of technological unemployment the industries
can do much toward mitigating technological unemployment by
timing the introduction of new devices and machinery which save
labor, with the object of seeing that they are introduced at the time
when they are expanding. That is, they should be introduced when
the industry is expanding. . .
. Many employers are aware of that fact and will testify they have
introduced their labor-saving machinery and devices in such a way
as to take up the natural falling off in the number of employees, who
leave their employment. oo
_ In this attempt the Government should assist industry by supplying
 industry with information; with work that can be brought into
play at the proper times to take up the slack in employment, the slack
In technological employment. And, with the assistance which may
come to an industry, where the worker is displaced through unemploy-