INDEBTEDNESS FROM 1900 TO 1913 151 
passengers, and the Commonwealth returns of overseas arrivals 
and departures constitute the chief and almost the only sources 
of information. No pretence is made of any high degree of 
accuracy; but it is believed that the method used here in 
arriving at the total expenditure gives a result that is, at any 
rate, not in excess of the true figures. In estimating the 
average expenditure of different types of passengers, the pro- 
portion of travellers in different classes, and the number of 
return tickets taken out respectively in Great Britain and 
Australia, the writer has been mainly guided by the working 
knowledge possessed by responsible officials of the greater com- 
panies engaged in passenger traffic. These impressions have been 
reinforced by random ‘samplings’ of passenger statistics in the 
different years ; and by the known conditions of accommodation 
that existed on the type of cabin-cargo steamer trading to 
Australia during the period. 
From the table of oversea arrivals and departures published 
quarterly by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics! 
it is possible to eliminate immigrants and emigrants, and to 
compute the proportion of tourists travelling in the different 
classes of passenger accommodation. It is estimated that on 
Australian routes there were two passengers in other classes 
to every one travelling on a first-class ticket. The period is very 
interesting in this respect, since the difficult years from 1902 to 
1905 restricted outward travellers from Australia mainly to 
people engaged in business, whilst the prosperity at the end of 
the period was responsible for a great expansion of the tourist 
traffic proper. The numbers of tourists are represented in the 
statistics by the holders of return tickets taken out either in 
Australia or abroad. It then became necessary to separate these 
into inward and outward passengers. This was not so difficult 
as it would seem since the numbers of inward passengers exhibit 
some degree of regularity, and are represented, for the great 
part by business men engaged in regular seasonal work such as 
wool buying. Further estimates then had to be made concern- 
ing (i) the average amount of money spent in Australia by 
tourists from abroad. Under the circumstances which govern 
such ‘business trips’ it is held that £100 represents a fair 
allowance for the normal duration of these visits: and (ii) the 
1 Demography Bulletins, and also Quarterly Summary of Statistics.