The Use of Ships

191

How the cargoes of tramps and liners differ. During the next year
pur steamer may call at entirely different ports and handle entirely
different cargoes, such as ores, coal, china clay, nitrate of soda, hemp,
rice, and corn. Notice that these are all bulky raw commodities of
low value in proportion to their weight. Hence they are likely to be
shipped in great quantities, and a ship can often get a cargo composed
of only a single product.
The liner, unlike the tramp, carries small quantities of a great
variety of goods, besides passengers and mail. These are often
manufactured goods, which are usually boxed for shipping and are of
high value for their weight. They are collected from many different
points and have many destinations. The principal routes for liners
are between the chief ports of western Europe and (1) the northeastern
 ports of the United States, especially New York, (2) Buenos Aires
and Rio de Janeiro, and (3) Asiatic ports and Australia via Suez. Less
frequented liner routes run from (4) the Pacific ports of the United
States to Japan and China, and (5) the eastern United States to eastern
 South America (Fig. 117).
Manufacturing countries, like England and Germany, need liners to
carry away their finished products, and tramps to bring them food
and raw materials. New countries, like Argentina, Australia, and
South Africa, whose products are chiefly raw materials, need liners to
bring them a variety of manufactured goods, and tramps to take away
their exportc

tie RR tt iit
Sanadian National Ratlways
Fic. 136. At the lake ports the grain ships are loaded from the grain elevators by means of pipes
through which the grain runs directlv into the hold of the ship.