Geographical Conditions of Manufacture 241 
Fic. 161. An old-fashioned source of power for manufacturing and its modern substitute. Find 
hut the difference between the old type of * water-wheel’’ and the new type of ‘‘ turbine.” How 
joes each turn the machinery inside the ‘‘factory’ ? 
without employment, and being poorly supported, are easily induced 
to become silk operatives at low wages. Paterson, New Jersey, 
Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, are thus 
important silk manufacturing centers. 
Manufacturing in relation to capital. A great amount of money is 
required to build factories, equip them with machinery, buy raw ma- 
terials, and pay the wages of workmen and superintendents before 
money comes in as a result of sales. Even after a factory is in good 
running order, more and more money may have to be invested to main- 
tain it and to establish business relations. If a region lacks capital, 
it is hampered in building up manufacturing industries, for people 
are more willing to invest in local industries than in those of distant 
places not so well known to them. This is another reason why New 
York, the world’s financial center, has so many industries. 
Relation of industries to an early start. England was the first 
country to develop modern manufacturing. Long before most other 
countries had started, she had a body of skilled workers, numerous 
inventors of machinery, and a large capital derived from industrial 
activity. People all over the world had learned to look to England 
for manufactured goods, and had acquired confidence in English skill. 
Hence it was easier for new industries to begin in England than else- 
where. This advantage of an early start helps England even today.