into flat strips, which are further finished by cold rolling 
into what is known as cold-rolled flat steel, which is the 
raw material of an immense number of stamped and 
formed articles which are substituted for castings and 
forgings, and in which steel has become the substitute for 
brass and copper. A by-product of steel wire manufacture 
is sulphate of iron, which has many uses in the arts, as well 
as in the purification of city water supplies. The Com- 
pany also smelts zinc ores, obtaining as products commercial 
spelter, used mainly for galvanizing wire, sheets and tubing, 
and sulphuric acid, which is indispensable in the process 
of manufacture of the three principal classes of steel pro- 
ductions just mentioned; also muriatic acid, which is used 
for a similar purpose, and zinc oxide, one of the most 
important pigments in the paint industry. The company 
has a capital stock of $90,000,000, divided into $40,000,000 
preferred and $50,000,000 common. 
BRAEBURN STEEL COMPANY 
The works of this Company are at Braeburn, Pa. The 
Company manufactures high-speed steel and other cruci- 
ble grades; also alloy steel of many kinds. The Company 
has been producing crucible steels since 1897, and electric 
furnace steel since 1916. It has two crucible melting fur- 
naces—one 24-pot and one 36-pot. It also has two 6-ton 
Heroult melting furnaces in which alloy steels of various 
kinds are manufactured. This Company is a Pennsyl- 
vania Corporation with an authorized capital of $400,000. 
CARBON STEEL COMPANY 
The Carbon Steel Company, whose plant is at the foot 
of Thirty-Second Street, Pittsburgh, has for many years 
specialized on alloy steels and special analysis steels. I 
was one of the first concerns in this country to roll steel 
bars for the Allied armies, as it received, direct from one of 
the Allied governments, shortly after the outbreak of the 
world war, a very large order for 4.5” shells. Later came 
orders for a large tonnage of shell steel in rolled bars. Steel