32 Soviet Dumping
and other holidays were abolished. This was followed by a
decree establishing ‘‘ single control” in industry and the
Factory Dictator, or “ slave driver,” came into being. This
official is given supreme control in the running of his factory
and is held personally responsible for the results achieved.
To strengthen the operations of these laws the workers
were ‘“ attached ” fo their factories and were forbidden to
leave one place of employment for another without special
permission. A further decree provided for the * regulation
of the supply of labour ”” ; this empowers the Soviet officials
to transfer workers from one place to another as and when it
is desired. At the same time it makes provision * against
the fluidity of labour.”
Finally, unemployment—an anomaly in a State where
forced labour is used—was abolished by a decree issued on
October gth, 1930. All unemployment benefit has now been
stopped and the unemployed are forcibly dispatched to
work. No excuse or refusal of work is accepted. Following
this the “labour market’ has been reorganised and all
former Labour Exchanges have been changed into “ Directorates
 of Labour Cadres,” and given the monopoly of
labour supply. Only through them and with their permission
 can labour be engaged or “recruited.” The first call
on labour has been granted to the coal industry, metal
industry, transport and the ‘“ giant” factories (many of
which work exclusively for export) as well as to all forms of
timber workings. Black work, Chernaya Rabota, is reserved
for people designated as politically unreliable, for deserters
from work, and for all those who refuse the work offered.
Even women are now included in the labour ““ mobilisation
 ”” orders. A decree issued on December 8th, 1930,
concerning the employment of labour in industry emphasises
that the intention is *‘ to satisfy the labour demands of the
industry.” The women are to ‘‘ contribute to the creation
of solid and permanent workers’ cadres.” Women in
general are to be ‘released from their domestic duties,”
and thus the family life of the country is to be abolished for
the benefit of industry and the dumping plans.
In the sphere of agriculture the same policy is being