34 
ON THE NATURE 
without an express or implied reference to some 
other commodity. Its value must be value in 
something, or in relation to something. 
2. This relation between twc objects cannot 
alter as to one, without altering as to the other. 
If A rises in relation to B, B cannot remain 
stationary, but must fall in relation to a. 
3. The value of a commodity can be ex- 
pressed only by a quantity of some other com- 
modity. 
4. A rise inthe value of a commodity a, means, 
that an equal quantity of this commodity ex- 
changes for a greater quantity than before of 
the commodity B, in relation to which it is said 
to rise. 
5. A fall in the value of a, means, that an 
equal quantity of it exchanges for a smaller 
quantity of B. 
In the examination of the present subject, as 
discussed by those writers on whose doctrines 
[ have ventured to animadvert, I have been 
forcibly struck with the vagueness, the incon- 
sistencies, and the errors, which have arisen