468 PARLIAMENTS OF THE DOMINIONS [PART 111 
Western Australia. The Speaker in the Lower House is always 
clected, and in the case of Tasmania and South Australia 
only is notification of the appointment legally required, 
though in all cases the form of notification is followed. In 
New Zealand the confirmation of the Governor is still 
required. In Canada, the Commonwealth? and the Union, 
the Speaker of the Lower House is elective, but by practice 
the appointment is notified, and so with the Presidents in 
the two latter cases, while in Canada the appointment rests 
with the Governor-General, as usual in nominee Houses, and 
similarly in Quebec and Nova Scotia. In the Lower Houses 
of the Provinces the office is elective, and so also in the House 
of Assembly of Newfoundland, while there the President of the 
Legislative Council is appointed by the Governor. Until 1841 
the usage was in Canada to present the Speaker for approval, 
but it was then dropped. In Canada and the Provinces, and in 
the Australian States, the Speaker asks the Governor for the 
usual privileges, which are graciously accorded. 
As regards voting the provisions are curiously varied. In 
Canada and the Commonwealth the law is that the President 
has a vote, and that if the votes are equal the negative 
prevails, as in the House of Lords. In the Union the rule 
is that the President shall only have a casting vote, and the 
Speaker in all three cases has only a casting vote. In all 
the States and in New Zealand President and Speaker alike 
have only the casting vote by law. In Newfoundland there 
is no legal rule and the President and the Speaker might 
apparently vote twice, but it is doubtful if this would ever 
be done : there is no evidence of it on record, and if possible 
would hardly be actual. In the Provinces the legal rule as 
to the Speaker is as in Canada, but in Quebec the President 
has an ordinary vote only, as in Canada 4 
' Consolidated Statutes, 1908, No. 101, s. 15. 
* In 1901 both President and Speaker were presented for approval, Senate 
Journals, pp. 3,4 ; Houseof Representatives Votes, p. 9. In 1904 they were 
only presented, Journals, pp. 2, 3 ; Votes, pp. 2, 6; and in the latter year 
the request for privileges was dropped. 
* Cf. Munro, Constitution of Canada, Pp. 48, 114. 
* Otherwise in Nova Scotia, where apparently the rule is as in Newfound- 
land, that the President has by usage a casting vote, but no ordinary vote.