cHAP. X] MILITARY AND NAVAL DEFENCE 1251
be maintained in a state of repair. The necessary power to
do so was conferred by the Naval Establishments in British
Possessions Act, 1909, and the Order in Council for Halifax
is dated October 23, 1910, that for Esquimalt, May 4, 1911.
A change in the position of affairs is seen clearly by the
tact that Imperial forces were employed in 1870 for the sup-
pression of the Red River revolt, and that the more serious
North-western Rebellion of 1885 was suppressed by the
militia forces of Canada. Canada, like the Australasian
Dominions, has a small permanent force and a considerable
militia body, governed by Revised Statutes, 1906, cc. 41-3, and
service in time of war is compulsory on the male population.
Newfoundland has now no military forces, nor even
militia, but it has some volunteer cadet organizations.
In the case of the Australasian Colonies and of Canada there
has been little friction between the Colony and the Imperial
Government on military questions. The co-operation of the
militia and the Imperial forces in Canada in 1870 was com-
plete and satisfactory. On the other hand, some difficulty
arose in New Zealand in the serious disturbances in the years
1862-9 : the disturbances were dealt with both by the local
and Imperial forces, and the Ministry asserted its claim not
only to direct the operations, but also to control the fate of
the prisoners of war captured by the Imperial troops during
the course of the operations.
In this case! the situation was greatly complicated
by the fact that Sir George Grey, the last Governor who
exercised a striking personal influence over public affairs
in the Colony, was anxious to carry out in great measure, as
he had done during his first Governorship in New Zealand
and during his Governorship in South Africa, an independent
policy, and thus he was brought into conflict not only, as in
South Africa, with the Imperial Government, but also with
his ministers. His Ministry, again, were hampered by the
strong feeling which evidently existed among many people
in New Zealand, that it was undesirable to adopt an attitude
' Cf. Adderley, Colonial Policy, pp. 146 seq. ; Henderson, Sir George
Grey, pp. 217 seq. ; Collier, Sir George Grey, pp. 108 seq., 150 seq.
