OHAP. XI] HONOURS 
1313 
In the Commonwealth the question of precedence is ren- 
dered peculiarly difficult by the fact that each state has 
a precedence list, and that the Commonwealth has a general 
precedence list, which naturally assigns to Commonwealth 
officials a higher precedence than the states can be expected 
to give them, and the result is that according as the enter- 
tainment is Commonwealth or state, the precedence differs 
substantially. In practice trouble is saved by state officials 
who do not care for the precedence accorded to them in the 
Commonwealth table remaining away from functions given 
by the Commonwealth. 
Wives of officials in the Colonies as a general rule take 
rank with their husbands. 
Among themselves the Dominions may now reasonably be 
ranked in order of the date of creation of the present status. 
Thus Canada, constituted a Dominion in 1867 (July 1), 
Australia a Commonwealth in 1901 (January 1), and New 
Zealand a Dominion since September 28, 1907, by a pro- 
clamation of September 9, 1907, rank above the Union of 
South Africa, constituted in 1910 (May 31), and below all is 
Newfoundland, which still retains in official use the term 
Colony in its formal documents such as Governor’s speeches, 
Acts, &ec. Since the Colonial Conference of 1907 Dominion 
is a technical term for the self-governing Colonies. The States 
of Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South 
Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania, in order of popu- 
lation) are not in the full sense self-governing Colonies, and 
the Provinces of Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New 
Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward 
Island, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, ranked in order of 
official precedence based on date of formation as provinces) 
' At Commonwealth functions the precedence of state officers infer se is 
regulated by any state law (e.g. the laws of Victoria and Tasmania re the 
precedence of the judges). The State Premiers claim for themselves a 
higher position than ordinary Federal ministers, and for State Chief 
Justices a place after the Federal Chief Justice, that being the Canadian 
model, while the Commonwealth list places all Chief Justices after the 
Judges of the High Court, and Premiers after them instead of after the 
Federal Prime Minister