cuar. vi] TRADE RELATIONS AND CURRENCY 1159 
doned the protection against foreign competition hitherto 
imposed for Colonial imports. As a matter of fact, the 
adoption of free trade had caused great dislocation of trade 
and commerce in Canada, which was not removed until the 
repeal of the navigation laws threw open the St. Lawrence 
to the flags of the world. The Australian Colonies on their 
birth were given power to raise customs duties! subject, 
however, to the proviso that they should not be contrary to 
treaty, or differential, or imposed on goods for the use of 
the Imperial forces in the Colony, which was a natural rule, 
as the Imperial Government had to defray the cost of the 
garrisons, and could hardly be expected to pay duties on 
the goods which they imported to feed and clothe the troops. 
In the case of the four South African Colonies no limitations 
were imposed on their powers with regard to customs duties 
when self-government was accorded, nor was New Zealand 
fettered in 1852,% except by the provision that duties must not 
be contrary to treaty, or be levied on goods for the troops or 
naval forces. Newfoundland received the benefit of the Act 
regarding Canadian provinces of 1846. 
A further development of the doctrine was seen when the 
Colonies began to abandon the Crown Colony policy of levying 
duties solely for revenue purposes and to pass a protective 
tariff. In 1859 the Governor of Canada sent home a dispatch 
forwarding an Act imposing very heavy duties ; the Secretary 
of State replied asking him to bring before his ministers a 
protest from the Chamber of Commerce at Sheffield calling 
attention to the damage which would result from such duties 
to trade in the United Kingdom.®? He called attention to 
the fact that such heavy duties were practically in favour 
of the trade of the United States, in view of the large facilities 
for smuggling granted by the long frontier between Canada 
and the States. He added that when an authenticated copy 
' 13 & 14 Vict. c. 59, ss. 27 and 31. The requirement of reservation i 
5 & 6 Viet. c. 76, s. 31, was repealed by 29 & 30 Viet. c. 74, for which cf. 
Blackmore, Constitution of South Australia, pp. 69, 70. 
* 15 & 16 Viet. c. 72, s. 61. 
* Parl, Pap., H. C. 400, 1864, pp. 7 seq.