CHAP. 1.—SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3

Dakota, and Utah, in the Canadian Province of Alberta, in Uruguay,
in Tucuman (Argentina), and In a particular way in the State
trusts of Russia. It can be done that way in uniform communities,
but useful flexibility is excluded by the method. It is less suitable
for advanced industrial States than for a more primitive economy.
No State which has reached high differentiation of its industries
applies it.

Enforcement

[FRANCE (for home workers) and Norway (for commercial
. employees) have relied on civil suits for enforcement of
minimum wage decisions, but this method has practically failed.
All other States rely on their regular inspection forces and empower
them to impose fines for violations. Enforcement has been very
fficient in the various nations of the British Commonwealth.
Enforcement has been good in the United States and reasonably
zood on the Continent of Europe, except in Austria (where the
Critical economic conditions have been considered by the inspectors
As necessitating the nonenforcement of the awards).
The particular experience of Massachusetts, relying on the disap-Proval
 of public opinion only as punishment for violations of the
law (ascertained by inspectors), seems to have worked very well.
I'he method can be recommended (for a transition period) mn particular
 cases where political or legal difficulties render the regular
Way impracticable. Otherwise, enforcement of minimum-wage laws
oy fe same methods by which other laws are enforced is the obvious
method.

Results
Abolition of “Sweating *

ALL reports from Australia, New Zealand, and England are posi-=
 tive on the point that sweating, among home workers par-<dcularly,
 has been eliminated. Reasonably good results have been
obtained also in the home-work trades of Norway and Argentina.
There was no “sweating,” to a similar extent, in the United States
and Canada, since home work as the sole means of livelihood is rare in
these countries, but the rather difficult economic status of femals
workers in shops and stores who do not live with their families has
been much relieved.
The goal was insufficiently attained where application of the laws
was defective (home-work trades in France, Germany, and Czechoslovakia),
 and nothing has been achieved in the home-work trades of
Austria; neither do the agricultural laborers of Hungary seem to be
much better off than before.
. The abolition of sweating depends, experience has shown, on efficlent
 application of the laws; strict enforcement of awards has even
more practical importance than generous determination of the amount
to be paid.