Tim RISE AND FALL OF THE INTERNATIONAL. 149 
to be handed over to national factories. It was, however, 
added that the transformation of existing society would not take 
place according to the preconceived ideas of any reformer, but 
on the initiation of the entire labouring class. The manifesto 
closed with the appeal : “ Proletarians of all countries, unite ! ” 
This idea of uniting all associations of working men into one 
universal interdependent federation has been attributed to a 
Frenchwoman, Jeanne Derouin. It was decided to call an 
International Congress of working men at Brussels in the 
following year; but the revolutionary movements of 1848 and 
the subsequent reaction prevented this from being done, and 
the idea remained in abeyance for fourteen years. 
In 1862 certain manufacturers, such as M. Arlës-Dufour, 
and certain newspapers, such as Le Temps and L Opinion 
Nationale., started the idea that it would be a good thing to 
send delegates from the French working men to the London 
Exhibition. “The visit to their comrades in England,” said 
L'Opinion Nationale, “would establish mutual relations in every 
way advantageous. While they would be able to get an idea 
of the great artistic and industrial works at the Exhibition, they 
would at the same time feel more strongly the mutual interests 
which bind the working men of both countries together; the 
old leaven of international discord would settle down, and 
national jealousy would give place to a healthy fraternal emula 
tion.” The whole programme of the International is summed 
up in these lines; but the manufacturers little foresaw the 
manner in which it was going to be carried out Napoleon 
III. appeared to be very favourable to the sending of the 
delegates to London. He allowed them to be chosen by 
universal suffrage among the members of the several trades 
and, naturally, those who spoke the strongest on the rights of 
labour were chosen. By the Emperor's orders, their journey 
was facilitated in every way. At that time Napoleon still 
dreamed of relying, for the maintenance of his Empire, on the 
working men and peasants, and of thus coping with the liberal 
middle classes. 
At London the English working men gave the most cordial 
welcome to “ their brothers of France.” On the 5th of August