200 
THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY. 
factor of ethnographical units which, far from being played out, 
is in full activity to-day, the regime here proposed by Bakunin 
is no other than that which is in full force in Switzerland and in 
the United States. By a singular change, the revolutionaries 
of to-day desire to push federalism even to the subdivision of 
a country, the very crime against “ France one and indivisible ” 
which sent the Girondists to the guillotine. 
As we have seen, in 1872 Marx caused Bakunin to be 
expelled from the International. The next year, when the Fede 
ration of the Jura had constituted a new universal association, 
Bakunin retired from militant life and lived near Locarno, in a 
little villa given to him by his old friend Cañero. His health 
was thoroughly shattered. He went to Berne so as to be under 
the care of his friend Vogt, a physician, and on the 2nd of July, 
1876, he died there. His writings are neither numerous nor 
important. The two principal ones are entitled LEmpire 
Knouto-germanique ct la Révolution Sociale, and La Théologie 
politique de Mazzini et VInternationale. Like all apostles, it 
was by oral propaganda, by the enthusiastic disciples which he 
made, and by the institutions which he created, that his influence 
made itself felt. Let us see what were these institutions, and 
what were the doctrines they were to spread. 
The Alliance of the Socialist Democracy, founded by 
Bakunin in 1869, was a society half public, like the Interna 
tional, and half secret, like Carbonarism. It was composed of 
three sections. The first was formed by the “ International 
brothers” to the number of one hundred. They were the 
leaders of the movement ; they were known to each other, but 
they were not made known to the uninitiated. “Their only 
country was the universal revolution, their only enemies the 
reaction.” They must accept the programme in all its con- 
quences, theoretical and practical, unite with intelligence and 
discretion the most absolute revolutionary passion, and be 
regular “dare-devils.” The second section was composed of 
the “ National brothers,” who were appointed by the Interna 
tional brothers, whose duty was to prepare the revolution in 
their respective countries, independently, and who were to be 
kept in ignorance of the very existence of an International