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THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY. 
yourselves or die of starvation.’ The society of the future will 
say to us, ‘ Live, work, love.’ ” The Circle for Social Studies 
of Rome published its programme (July, 1878), containing the 
following principles—(i) Abolition of all privilege ; (2) Pro 
ductive labour the only legitimate source of wealth ; (3) The 
instruments of production to be the property of the labourer ; 
(4) Emancipation and “ reintegration of the individual and 
collective man.” In June, 1878, the Internationalist federation 
of Rimini sent forth a manifesto, saying, “No more privileged 
property, but collectivism, that is to say, possession in common 
of land and of all instruments of production ; bread, wealth, 
education, justice, liberty for all. The land to him who tills 
it, the machine to him who uses it, and the house to him who 
inhabits it.” Confused amalgam of communism and individual 
ism. In a manifesto of the Internationalists of Montonero, 
Antignani, Ardenza, and San-Jacobo, the theory of anarchism 
is clearly formulated. “ The State is the negation of liberty ; 
for, no matter who commands, all serve. Authority creates 
nothing and corrupts everything. Every State, however 
democratic, is an instrument of despotism. The best govern 
ment is one which succeeds in rendering itself useless. Merely 
to change the political régime is of no use. A man has a thorn 
in his foot ; he thinks to ease himself by changing his boots, 
but he suffers all the more. It is the thorn he must get rid of 
The free man in the free commune ; and throughout humanity 
nothing but federated communes—that is the future.” 
Among Italian Socialists, as everywhere in Europe to-day, 
there are two parties : that of the “Authoritarian Collectivists,” 
who call for State Intervention ; and that of the “ Revolutionary 
Anarchists,” who desire the destruction of the State and the 
abolition of all authority. I borrow from M. B. Malon’s 
“ History of Socialism ” two extracts which sufficiently describe 
these two varieties. The following are, in the first place, the 
principles of the Collectivists, originally published in the 
Fovero, and afterwards adopted by the Plebe of Milan (1877). 
(1) Collective ownership of land and of the means of production ; 
(2) Substitution of a free and equal family for the moral 
oppressive family in which the wife and children are the 
slaves of the husband and father ;