BAKUyiN  THE  APOSTLE  OF  NIHILISM.  233
rapid  progress  of  the  association,  sent  a  circular  to  the  pro
vincial  governors,  directing  them  to  extirpate  it  at  all  costs,
and  he  even  made  proposals  to  foreign  governments  with  a
view  to  organizing  a  European  crusade.  The  leaders  of  the
International  were  obliged  to  seek  refuge  in  Portugal.  At  the
same  time  the  split  took  place  in  the  Socialist  camp,  d  he
adherents  of  Bakunin’s  Alliance  wished  to  obtain  the  direction
of  the  movement.  They  established  a  newspaper  at  Madrid,
El  Condenado,  the  programme  of  which  was  summed  up  m
these  three  words  :  Atheism,  Anarchy,  Collectivism.
After  the  schism  of  the  Hague,  between  Marx  and  Bakunin,
the  great  majority  of  the  Spanish  Internationalists  declared  for
the  latter.  A  regional  congress  was  convened  at  Cordova,  in
December,  1872.  It  resulted  in  the  formation  of  an  independent ­
  federation,  which  issued  a  manifesto  addressed  to
"  its  brothers  throughout  the  whole  world,”  invoking  their  a.id.
It  concluded  with  these  words:—“The  Social  Liquidation
for  ever  !  Long  live  the  International  !  All  Hail  Solidarity,
Anarchy,  and  Collectivism  !  ”  The  partisans  of  M^x,  his
son-in-law  Lafargue,  and  Farga,  founded  the  New  e  era
tion  of  Madrid,”  to  which  they  endeavoured  to  rally  their
troops,  who  had  been  thrown  into  confusion  by  the  anathemas
and  accusations  of  the  two  contesting  parties.  The  Marxists
"ished,  however,  to  remain  on  economic  ground,  while  the
Bakunists  joined  the  bourgeois  radicals  for  the  purpose  of  overthrowing ­
  King  Amadeo  and  establishing  a  republic.  At  the
time  of  the  repression  of  the  insurrection  of  1872,  at  Madrid,
the  Enmncipacion,  the  organ  of  the  Marxists,  thus  expressed
Its  opinion:  “We  know  enough  of  the  personnel  of  the  republican ­
  party  to  assert  that  this  movement  is  only  one  of
a  series  of  revolutionary  attempts  by  which  the  rank  and  file
of  the  bourgeoisie  are  seeking  to  look  after  their  own  interests,
and  which  cost  the  workers  so  much  bloodshed,  without
enabling  them  to  gain  any  benefit.  We  can  only  repeat  to  our
Iriends  ;  The  emancipation  of  the  labourers  must  be  the  work
of  the  labourers  themselves.  Every  revolution  conducted  by
the  bourgeoisie  can  be  useful  only  to  the  bourgeoisie."  These
words  were  not  heeded.  After  the  abdication  of  King  Amadeo,