BAKUNIN  THE  APOSTLE  OF  NIHILISM.  239

Ws  ideas  and  views  on  the  best  r  ^ethods  of  incendiarism,  assassination, ­
  poisoning,  and  in  general  on  every  means  of  injuring  the
bourgeois.  Every  member  pays  a  subscription  of  five  centimes
a  week  for  the  costs  of  correspondence.  Heavy  disbursements
are  recovered  by  means  of  an  assessment,  and  in  the  case
of  extraordinary  expenses  recourse  is  had  to  the  federation.
Punishment  must  only  be  inflicted  at  the  propitious  moment,
and  the  member  must  know  how  to  profit  by  favourable
opportunities.  Reprisals  ought  to  be  directed  against  property
whenever  it  is  impossible  to  reach  persons.  No  one  is  bound
^o  act  in  case  of  physical  impossibility  or  personal  incapacity  ;
^^ut  whoever  accepts  a  particular  duty  must  accomplish  it  under
penalty  of  death.  Whoever  permanently  abstains  from  acting
declared  to  be  “  fallen,”  and  is  expelled  from  the  Society,
is  placed  under  the  strict  supervision  of  the  tribunal,  and
on  the  first  sign  of  treachery  incurs  the  penalty  of  death.  No
consideration  of  friendship  or  relationship  can  stay  the  putting
^0  death  of  a  traitor.  The  life  of  a  brother  or  a  father,  if  it
puts  a  considerable  number  of  persons  in  danger,  must  on  no
Account  be  respected.  Whenever  the  group  of  one  locality
cannot  execute  the  sentence  of  death  pronounced  against  a
baitor,  the  members  of  other  localities  are  charged  with  its
execution.  They  surprise  their  victim  and  kill  him  without
pity.

'i'he  International  penetrated  into  Portugal  about  1872,  and
since  then  it  has  counted  there  a  considerable  number  of
lections  and  several  organs,  among  others  the  Jornal  do  traf^alho,
  the  Tribuna  and  O  Rebate  at  Lisbon,  the  Clamor  do  poio
and  O  Protesto  at  Oporto.  Dr.  Anthelo  de  Quental,  revolutionary
Socialist  candidate  of  Circle  93,  has  recently  (1880)  published
a  manifesto  adopting  collectivism.  The  Portuguese  Socialists ­
  assemble  in  congress  every  year.  Their  programme  is
anarchism  ”  of  a  mild  kind,  without  any  threats  of  expropriation, ­
  massacre,  or  petroleum.  Several  causes  explain  this  less
aggressive  attitude.  The  Portuguese  are  less  violent  than  the
Paniards,  the  economic  situation  of  their  country  is  better,
and,  finally,  a  very  large  measure  of  liberty  has  prevented
c  explosion  of  rage  elsewhere  exasperated  by  repression.