22

THE  SOCIALISM  OF  TO-DAY.

and  with  Heinrich  Heine,  the  journal  Vorwärts  (Forwards).
Expelled  from  France  in  1844,  and  from  Brussels  in  1848,
he  returned  to  Germany,  and  took  advantage  of  the  liberty
gained  there  through  the  revolution  of  March  to  bring  out,
in  company  with  his  friend  Wolff,  a  journal  in  which  he
roughly  handled  the  bourgeoisie.  Prosecuted  anew,  he  fled
for  refuge  to  London,  where  he  subsequently  lived,  dividing
his  time  between  economical  studies  and  the  secret  direction
of  the  International.*
As  early  as  1847,  in  a  manifesto  drawn  up  with  the  aid  of
his  friend  Friedrich  Engels,  in  the  name  of  the  German  Communists ­
  in  London,  Marx  formulated  the  two  principles  which
still  rule  German  and  indeed  European  Socialism.  He  there
maintains,  in  the  first  place,  that  the  interests  of  the  working
classes  in  their  struggle  against  the  capitalists,  being  everywhere ­
  the  same,  rise  above  the  distinctions  of  nationality  ;  and,
in  the  second  place,  that  working  men  should  acquire  political
rights  in  order  to  break  the  yoke  of  the  capitalists.  We  shall
not  follow  Marx  throughout  his  active  career  ;  to  do  so  would
be  to  write  the  history  of  the  International,  which  we  shall
approach  later  on.  It  is  only  his  ideas  that  we  wish  to  make
known  here.  His  writings  are  not  numerous.  In  1847  he
published  a  very  trenchant  and  often  very  just  criticism  of
Proudhon’s  Contradictions  Économiques,  under  the  title.  Misère
de  la  Philosophie,  Réponse  à  la  Philosophie  de  la  Misère,  par
M.  Proudhon  (The  Want  of  Philosophy,  A  Reply  to  M.  Proudhon’s ­
  Philosophy  of  Want).  Marx  disliked  Proudhon,  although
he  came  near  to  him  on  many  points.  In  1859  he  published
“  A  Critique  of  Political  Economy,”  a  large  part  of  which  was
reproduced  in  his  last  work.  Das  Kapital,  which  appeared  in
1867.  t
Marx’s  whole  system  and  the  830  pages  of  closely  printed
*  [Marx  died  on  the  14th  March,  1883.—7>.]
t  The  second  edition  came  out  in  1873.  M.  J.  Roy’s  French  translation, ­
  which  was  revised  and  completed  by  the  author,  appeared  in  parts
in  1875.  The  work  has  been  translated  into  Russian.  [The  third  German
edition  was  brought  out  by  Friedrich  Engels  in  1883.  An  English  translation ­
  is  promised  shortly,  which  will  include  the  unpublished  second
part.—7>.]