276 
KÖNIGSBERG. 
three other large cities in Germany, viz., Breslau, Stettin, and Posen. The 
infantile mortality declined even more rapidly than the general death-rate. 
Thus, considering the number of infants under one year of age dying in a given 
year, for every 1,000 children born alive in that year, we find that the mean of 
these annual rates fell from 304 in 1881-5 to 268 in 1896-1900, and 217 
in 1900-5. 
Occupations, Wages, and Hours of Labour. 
For purposes of an inquiry into the wages of the urban working classes in 
Germany, Königsberg is interesting, not as being a centre of German industry 
—a title to which the town can hardly lay claim—but as the most important 
city of Eastern Germany and one of the busiest seaports of the Empire, 
occupying a position so close to the Russian frontier that its prosperity is 
influenced no less by the political and economic happenings of Russia than by 
those of Germany. Many Königsbergers indeed speak of their town as a 
Russian seaport, for its chief business consists in the handling and exportation 
by sea of Russian produce, more especially timber, cereals, pulse, oil-seed, flax, 
and hemp. Moreover, of one at least of the chief articles imported into Königs 
berg by sea, viz., cured herrings, the bulk—336,000 barrels out of a total of 
450,000 imported in 1905—is sent to Russia. It may be added that of the 
450,000 barrels, 258,000 were Scotch and 167,000 English. 
A classification of the workpeople of Königsberg, in so far as they are 
■employed in establishments subject to inspection under the factory and workshop 
laws, is appended :— 
Group of Trades. 
Number 
of 
Establishments. 
Number of Workpeople. 
Males. 
Females. 
Total. 
Building 
Metal working and engineering ... 
Textiles 
Plothing and cleaning 
Printing, lithography, bookbinding, &c 
Paper ... ... ... ... 
Woodworking and carving 
Resins, varnishes, oil, soap, candles, &c 
Stone and earth 
Food, drink, and tobacco ... 
Other ... ... ... ... 
Total ... 
78 
74 
14 
79 
24 
7 
81 
6 
11 
358 
21 
834 
4,718 
156 
85 
529 
717 
2,394 
288 
406 
2,221 
464 
753 
12,812 
1 
32 
401 
848 
228 
278 
178 
18 
13 
957 
310 
3,264 
835 
4,750 
557 
933 
757 
995 
2,572 
306 
419 
3,178 
774 
16,076 
The above table cannot be regarded as presenting an absolutely true picture 
of the relative importance of the various groups of industrial occupations in 
Königsberg, except in so far as the establishments where they are engaged come 
under the factory and workshop laws, and one of the largest groups of manual 
workers in Königsberg—that of the dock, wharf, and riverside labourers—is 
outside the scope of those laws. The same is true of the bulk of the men 
employed in the building trades. The number engaged in these two important 
groups of occupations is therefore, more or less, a matter of conjecture, except 
as regards particular branches where the labour leaders have made special efforts 
to extend the influence of the Trade Unions. It is known, for instance, to the 
Secretary of the Dock Labourers’ Union that there are some 700 stevedores in