NUREMBERG. 
383 
The urea of the entire municipality is now about 16,000 acres, of which 
400 acres fall to Nuremberg within the walls, and it is noteworthy that while 
there are ten inhabited houses (that is, independent blocks of tenement dwellings) 
to every acre of ground in the old town, there is not one house per acre in the 
rest of the urban area. 
Nuremberg, both in its old and new parts, is a well-built town, a fact for 
which it lias to thank the presence of abundant stores of sandstone at no great 
distance. Brick is also used to a considerable extent, yet substantial stone 
walls are the rule, and not uncommonly the fronts are elaborately ornamented, 
even in working-class dwellings of more recent erection. It is a noticeable fact 
about the housing arrangements of Nuremberg that the old parts of the town 
are not given up, as is usually the case in ancient places, to the working classes 
and the poor. Of hardly any quarter in the old town proper can it be said that 
it is distinctively an industrial quarter. The very worst of the dwellings 
and many of the tenements high up beneath the gables are certainly so 
inhabited, but on the other hand most of the oldest property in even the 
narrower of the streets and “ Gassen ” is still occupied by middle and lower- 
middle class families. All that can safely be said is that the working classes 
are scattered over the meaner streets of the old town ; nowhere do they form 
distinct colonies. 
The streets are well paved for the most part, and they are also kept clean. 
Not much planting has been done, however, even in the new districts, where there 
is no obstacle in the way of steep and narrow streets, though greater attention 
appears to be now given to the matter. Some of the overgrown moats and 
walls make shady promenades ; there is a public park, and open spaces have 
been reserved in different parts of the town. A sluggish stream, the Pegnitz, 
intersects the town from east to west. 
The town owns the gasworks, the waterworks, the electrical power and 
light station, the tramways, a large cattle market and abattoir, baths, library 
and reading rooms, a theatre, an art gallery, savings bank, pawnshop, a chemical 
laboratory for . the special purpose of analysing articles of food, a number of 
cheap dwellings for municipal employees, and, for the special benefit of the 
working classes generally, it maintains a labour registry and dining rooms in 
various parts of the town at which workmen can take their mid-day meals. 
Few factories are nowadays found within the old town, and those that 
exist are small ; most of the brush, pencil, and toy factories are in the newer 
districts, and further out still are the large machinery works. Hence in order 
to come to close quarters with the working classes it is necessary to visit the 
environs. 
Occupations, Wages, and Hours of Labour. 
From very early times Nuremberg was an important centre of commerce and 
industry, for its geographical position caused it to be the meeting place of numerous 
highways and trade routes passing north and south, east and west, and hence it 
was able to attract to itself enterprise, skill, and wealth from towns less favourably 
situated. Its reputation for the production of bronze and beaten metal work is 
ancient and world-wide ; of the former, priceless and imperishable specimens 
are seen in the form of ecclesiastical monuments and a series of fountains in 
public places. It is thus no accident that the metal and allied industries should 
continue to-day, if not in their old forms, to afford to the working classes of 
Nuremberg one of their principal sources of employment. Of 66,538 persons 
engaged in factories and workshops (including the handicrafts) in 190o, 
38,100 or 57*2 per cent, were occupied in the working of metals in various 
ways and in the manufacture of machinery and mechanical apparatus. I he 
metal industries are multifarious and include the manufacture of cycles, 
scientific instruments and other products of the fine mechanical trades 
(.Feinmechanik), brass and metal goods, bronze goods and bronze colours, wire 
and wire goods, gold, silver, and tin beaten ware, gold leaf, aluminium, brocades, 
and mechanical toys. Other important industries, employing large numbers of 
persons of both sexes, are the manufacture of lead pencils, brushes of various 
kinds, wooden and carved goods, the manufacture of margarine and oils, 
chromo-lithographic work ; and in Fürth, an adjoining town, mirrors. There 
is little textile industry in the district.