482 
ZWICKAU. 
Thus, while the increase due to excess of births over deaths has been unin 
terrupted and fairly regular, and represents an average yearly growth of 12*1 per 
1,000 of the population, there have been considerable variations of increase due 
to migration, the number of emigrants being in two years in excess of the 
number of immigrants, while the average yearly increase due to this cause has 
amounted to only 8*8 per 1,000 of the population. 
Though it has declined in recent years, the rate of infant mortality in this 
town is still high. During the five years 1902-6, the deaths of infants under 
one year old corresponded to a rate of 265 among every 1,000 children born, as 
againsk 297 in the previous five years, 294 in 1892-6, and 286 in 1887-91. 
Besides the gas, water and electricity supply, the Municipality of Zwickau 
owns some 1,450 acres of land, of which one half lies outside the urban area. 
Much of this land (including 316 acres within the urban area) is let for 
agricultural purposes, and yielded in 1904 some £2,000 in agricultural rents. 
Occupations, Wages, and Hours oe Labour. 
Compared with the coal-mining industry, which furnishes employment for 
some 12,000 workpeople in Zwickau, all the other local industries seem of minor 
importance, for, taken together, they employ no more than 8,400 workpeople, 
including 2,700 women and girlsj These 8,400 workpeople are distributed 
among 586 factories and workshops, of which only 246 employ power-driven 
machinery. Among the latter the most important are engaged in steel 
manufacture, iron founding, machine construction (chiefly for coal-mining 
purposes)!, the manufacture of miners’ safety lamps, automobiles, britannia- 
metal ware, porcelain, earthenware, bricks, tiles and window glass, carriages 
and vans. The number of workpeople engaged in each of these various 
industries cannot be stated, as no statistical records are kept by the authorities 
in an accessible form. 
As might be expected, having regard to the preponderance of coal-mining 
among the local industries, a large proportion of the organised workers of 
Zwickau are coal-miners. This is shown by the subjoined table, classifying, 
according to groups of trades, the membership of the unions affiliated to the 
Zwickau Trades Council in 1906. 
Group of Trades. 
Building 
Goal-mining... 
Metalworking and engineering 
Textile trades 
Clothing 
Printing and allied trades 
Woodworking 
Food and tobacco trades ... 
Pottery, earthenware and glass 
Other trades 
Total 
Membership 
of Trade Unions. 
1,059 
2,690 
1,331 
575 
117 
173 
231 
229 
152 
618 
7,175 
Among a total of 7,175 organised workpeople therefore, 2,690 or 37 per 
cent, are coal-miners, and this proportion may be taken as being approximately 
the same as that which the general body of coal-miners bears to the total 
number of industrial workpeople in the town. 
Up to the present the efforts of the trade unions to overcome the opposition 
of local employers towards wages and hours agreements have met with no