U 
Average usual Hours of Labour per week in England and Wales and 
in Germany. 
Trade. 
Average usual Hours of Labour 
per week in 
England and Wales. 
Germany. 
Ratio of average 
Hours of Labour 
in Germany to those 
in England taken 
as 100. 
Building Trades :— 
Bricklayers and Masons 
Carpenters 
Plumbers ... 
Painters 
Labourers ... 
Engineering Trades 
Fitters 
Turners 
Smiths 
Patternmakers 
Labourers ... 
Printing Trade 
Compositors 
All the above trades (average) 
52i 
53 
53% 
53i 
52& 
53 
53 
53 
53 
53 
52& 
59 
59 
58 
59 
59 
59& 
59; 
59¡ 
59% 
59* 
54 
112 
111 
108 
110 
112 
112 
112 
112 
112 
112 
103 
111 
It will be seen that, except in the case of the printing trade, which is a 
highly organised trade in Germany, and for which the working hours have 
been fixed by agreement at the relatively low level of 54 per week, the hours of 
labour in Germany are from 8 to 12 per cent, higher in Germany than in 
England. On the average of the above trades, German hours exceed English 
by rather more than 10 per cent. 
Hourly rates.—If, however, for the trades considered, German weekly wages 
are to English weekly wages approximately as 83 to 100, while hours of labour 
during the week are as 111 to 100, the hourly earnings of the German workman 
must be to those of the Englishman, roughly, as 75 to 100. That is to say, for 
the building and engineering trades in the towns investigated, the average 
hourly earnings of the workman in Germany are only about three-quarters of 
those of the English workmen doing the same work. 
IV.—Summary of Conclusions. 
Summarising the preceding sections, it has been found that, as regards 
rents :— 
Net rents of working-class dwellings in Germany are 
to gross rents (including rates) of working-class dwellings 
in England as ... ... .. ... ... ... 101 to 100 
Net rents of working-class dwellings in Germany are 
to net rents of working-class dwellings in England 
(excluding that portion of English rents representing local 
taxation) as ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 123 to 100 
As regards prices :— 
On the basis of the ordinary English standard of 
consumption the expenditure of the workman on food 
and fuel in Germany, is to his expenditure in England as 118 to 100 
If the expenditure on rent be combined with that on food and fuel, the 
expenditure on the latter items being taken, with sufficient accuracy for present 
purposes, at four times the former, the results are ;— 
The expenditure on food, fuel, and rent of the workman 
in Germany, on the same basis as above, would be to 
that of the same workman in England, on the same items 
but including local taxation, as ... ... ... ... 115 to 100 
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