PROBLEMS  OF  DISTRIBUTION  237

arrangement  and  direction  is  magnified.  It
is,  therefore,  in  the  interest  of  labour—and
of  the  community  as  a  whole—to  encourage
vertical  mobility.  Of  vertical  mobility  good
general  and  specialised  education  is  an
indispensable  condition  ;  and  such  education
is  calculated  to  bear  yet  other  fruit  in  the
invention  and  discovery  which  advances  the
material  interests  of  the  human  race.
In  the  above  discussion  about  the  effect  of
trade  unions  on  wages,  it  has  been  taken  for
granted  that  the  efficiency  of  the  workpeople
remains  the  same  ;  but  as  a  matter  of  fact
trade  unions  may  build  up  or  undermine  the
efficiency  upon  which  depends  the  joy  of
working  as  well  as  the  external  product  of
working.  The  organisation  of  labour  means
its  professionalising,  so  to  speak,  which
may  create  a  pride  of  calling  and  a  high
standard  of  work  and  conduct  ;  but,  on  the
other  hand,  efficiency  must  be  lessened  when
the  policy  of  slacking  with  a  view  to  extensifying
  the  demand  for  labour  is  adopted—a
policy  which  is  suicidal,  because  we  all  tend
to  become  what  we  consistently  pretend  to  be,
and  because  character  is  not  left  unhurt  by
shamming—but  we  must  not  confound  with
such  a  policy  resistance  against  the  overdriving ­
  which  wears  people  out.