THE ESSENCE OF UNIONISM 
73 
find actual union programs and union structures existing 
type pure. Nor should we ordinarily expect any definite 
correlation in practice between functional and structural 
types. Doubtless such a correlation naturally exists to a 
considerable extent, certain structural arrangements be 
ing naturally adapted to the carrying out of certain group 
programs. But ordinarily while there is hope of a grad 
ual transformation toward the desired type its adherents 
will remain in the union. It is only when one faction 
gives up hope of working its will from within that it 
will withdraw and set up a new organization, and it is 
only, therefore, under such circumstances that we ordi 
narily find an exact correspondence between the actual 
union programs and structures and the pure types. We 
may safely conclude, then, that the absence of exact cor 
relation between structural and functional types in prac 
tice, and between the latter and actual union programs, 
does not militate against the reality of distinct and per 
sisting functional types and their practical significance. 
Turning now to the matter of structural types, it is 
evident that the problem before us assumes a very differ 
ent and much less important aspect. Distinct structural 
types do exist, as is generally admitted, but neither are 
they always rival forms nor is there always absence 
among them of developmental mutability. It does seem 
to be rather characteristic of the existence of these types 
that their several advocates should be in actual conflict 
in the endeavor to displace one by another; but, on the 
other hand, they are often found in quite harmonious and 
supplemental relationship in the same organic group, 
each appearing to meet a different practical need. A 
well-recognized case in point is the existence and rela 
tionship within the general organization of the American