76 
TRADE UNIONISM 
In order to prove the truth of the assump 
tion beyond reasonable doubt, it must be shown that 
these functional types exist concurrently as conflicting 
or rival social interpretations and remedial programs, 
held and advocated by different groups of wageworkers ; 
it must be shown that, once established, these rival view 
points persist and exhibit no tendency as such to revert 
to a single or common viewpoint ; but it is not necessary 
that they should be shown to attain any specific degree 
of scope or generality beyond what is necessary to com 
mand group adherence and effectively to guide group 
action, that they should be necessarily associated with 
any particular organic forms or structural types, that 
each should find practical expression exclusively in a dif 
ferent organization, or, finally, that the program of any 
particular organization or group of organizations should 
at any moment conform exactly to any one of them. In 
the matter of structure it is necessary to show merely the 
existence of distinct and alternative forms of organiza 
tion. 
Such being the problem, what is the process of proof 
required ? Evidently we have here a matter which must 
be dealt with historically. We must first determine which 
of these distinct union variants have had more than an 
ephemeral existence. So far as structural forms are con 
cerned, this should be sufficient. In regard to those 
functional variants that have persisted, it must be proved 
that they have had their genesis in different combinations 
of relatively permanent factors both environmental and 
temperamental. 
To be exhaustive, the proof doubtless should be both 
positive and negative. Negatively it should be estab-