EMPLOYERS’ ASSOCIATIONS 
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and national), city against city, state against state, na 
tional against national, and federation against federa 
tion. 
2. Uncompromising war on the closed shop by assert 
ing the right to hire and fire, to pay what the individual 
can be made to work for, and therefore to destroy uni 
formity and control hours, speed, and the conditions of 
employment generally; by continuous propaganda, con 
ventions, meetings, literature and personal solicitations, 
showing the tyranny of the unions under closed shop 
rule, and the loss and waste in the closed shop from in 
efficient workers forced by the union upon employers, 
from loafing on the job, restrictions on output, and on 
apprenticeship; showing that the union label is a detri 
ment rather than an advantage to the employer using 
it ; urging employers not to use goods bearing the union 
label, nor to patronize any concern which does ; and op 
posing the union label on publications of any branch of 
government. 
3. The expulsion of members who sign closed shop 
agreements, with forfeit of contributions to the reserve 
fund. 
4. Giving financial aid to employers in trouble because 
of attempts to withstand closed shop demands or to estab 
lish the open shop, by inducing banks to refund interest 
on loans during strikes, and getting owners not to enforce 
penalties on failure to live up to building contracts. 
The National Metal Trades Association, for instance, 
advocates a plan for the cooperation of bankers’ asso 
ciations to extend aid on a wide scale. 
5- Mutual aid in time of trial and trouble with union 
ism ; taking orders of a struck shop and returning profit ; 
furnishing men from shops of other members and of