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An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1024892336

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-42711

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Lissner, Julius http://d-nb.info/gnd/1115825569

Title:: Zur Wertzollfrage

Place of publication:: Leipzig

Publisher:: A. Deichert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Nachf.

Year of publication:: 1911

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (108 Seiten)

Digitisation:: 2018

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Kapitel I. Wirkung und Ertrag der Tabaksteuer

Collection:: Economics Books

IV.—PARTIAL ASSOCIATION. 45 absence of J as suggested, nor to the presence and absence of C and D conjointly. If it be then argued that the presence and absence of Z is the source of association, the process may be repeated as before, the association of 4 and B being tested for the universe C'DZ, and so on as far as practicable. Partial associations thus form the basis of discussion for any case, however complicated. The two following examples will serve as illustrations for the case of three attributes. Example i.—(Material from ref. 5 of Chap. 1.) The following are the proportions per 10,000 of boys observed with certain classes of defects, amongst a number of school children. (4) denotes the number with development defects, (B) with nerve-signs, (2) the number of the “dull.” rl 10,000 (4B) 338 (4) 8717 (4D) 338 (B) 1,086 (BD) 455 (D) 789 (ABD) 153 The Report from which the figures are drawn concludes that “the connecting link between defects of body and mental dulness is the coincident defect of brain which may be known by observation of abnormal nerve-signs.” Discuss this conclusion. The phrase “connecting link ” is a little vague, but it may mean that the mental defects indicated by nerve-signs B may give rise to development-defects 4, and also to mental-dul- ness 0; A and D being thus common effects of the same cause B (or another attribute necessarily indicated by B), and not directly influencing each other. The case is thus similar to that of the first illustration of § 2 (liability to small-pox and to. non- vaccination being held to be common effects of the same circum- stances), and may be similarly treated by investigation of the partial associations between 4 and D for the universes B and f. As the ratios (4)/N, (B)/N, (D)/N are small, comparisons of the form (4) (5) of Chap. III. (p. 31), or (2) (a) (0) above, may very well be used (¢f. the remarks in § 10 of the same chapter, p. 31). The following figures illustrate, then, the association between 4 and D for the whole universe, the B-universe and the B- universe :— For the entire material :— Proportion of the dull=(D)/N . . == 7°9 per cent. yy defectively develo h were dull =(4D)/(4) + ped ¥ °Y= 8 ans " ge

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