Russian local government during the war and the Union of Zemstvos

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1755918933

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-131297

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Gide, Charles http://d-nb.info/gnd/117543985

Title:: Premières notions d'économie politique

Place of publication:: Paris

Publisher:: Michel

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: 185 S

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Chapitre II. L'échange et la valeur

Collection:: Economics Books

ACTIVITIES BEFORE THE WAR 45 perts and enabled the population to study the application of im- proved farming methods adapted to local conditions. Such model institutions, of which there were sometimes several in one district, were established by about one-third of all the district zemstvos. Experimental stations. These were as a rule organized by the zemstvos, and more rarely by the Government or by agricultural societies, aided by the zemstvos. At the stations tests were made and experiments conducted with various methods of cultivation, varieties of seeds, special crops, etc. Thirty-seven out of the forty-three zem- stvo provinces maintained 159 such establishments. During the few years preceding the War the. zemstvos, as well as the agricultural societies aided by the zemstvos, maugurated a system of control stations to examine seeds and fertilizers. In 1914, seventeen zemstvo provinces had a total of twenty-five control stations. The zemstvos also began to pay attention to the high percentage of impurities in the seed grain used by the peasants, and the result was that the zem- stvo provinces were soon covered with a regular network of grain- cleansing stations. Improved breeding of draught animals and cattle was greatly promoted by the zemstvos importing special breeds of foreign as well as domestic sires (stallions, bulls, and even rams and boars) and establishing breeding stations. The government studs main- tained at various places throughout Russia were, as a rule, heavily subsidized by the zemstvos. The activities of the zemstvos in the agricultural field were so far reaching and presented so many different aspects that it is impos- sible for us to enumerate them all in this chapter. We must confine ourselves to emphasizing here the part played by the zemstvos in the promotion of agricultural knowledge. They opened agricultural schools, both elementary and secondary, and some of these (for in- stance, the school maintained by the Alexandrovsk district zemstvo in the province of Ekaterinoslav) were known throughout Russia as model institutions. It may be said without fear of exaggeration that entire new branches of agriculture grew up, if not on the direct initiative of the zemstvos, at least in a considerable measure thanks to the work done by them. The grass cultivation in the provinces of Moscow and Tver, the butter-making industry in the province of Vologda, and other such innovations, are instances of this. The zemstvo stores of agricultural machinery, implements, and

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