Responsibility of states for damage caused in their territory to the person or property of foreigners

An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1831665921

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-222025

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Maúrtua, Víctor M.; Scott, James Brown http://d-nb.info/gnd/117654191

Title:: Responsibility of states for damage caused in their territory to the person or property of foreigners

Place of publication:: New York

Publisher:: Oxford Univ. Press

Year of publication:: 1930

Scope:: V, 67 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: IV. Mediate and immediate state responsibility

Collection:: Economics Books

V.—MANIFOLD CLASSIFICATION. this coefficient is zero if the characters 4 and B are completely independent, and approaches more and more nearly towards unity as x? increases. In general, no sign should be attached to the root, for the coefficient simply shows whether the two characters are or are not independent, and nothing more, but in some cases a conventional sign may be used. Thus in Table II. slight pigmentation of eyes and of hair appear to go together, and the contingency may be regarded as definitely positive. If slight pigmentation of eyes had been associated with marked pigmentation of hair, the contingency might have been regarded as negative. (is Professor Pearson’s mean square contingency coefficient! 7. The coefficient, in the simple form (4), has one disadvantage, viz. that coeflicients calculated on different systems of classi- fication are not comparable with each other. It is clearly desir- able for practical purposes that two coefficients calculated from the same data classified in two different ways should be, at least approximately, identical. With the present coefficient this is not the case: if certain data be classified in, say, (1) 6x 6-fold, (2) 3 x 3-fold form, the coefficient in the latter form tends to be the least. The greatest possible value of the coefficient is, in fact, only unity if the number of classes be infinitely great; for any finite number of classes the limiting value of € is the smaller the smaller the number of classes. This may be briefly illustrated as follows. Replacing §,,, in equation (3) by its value in terms of (dnB,) and (4,,B,), we have— 4,B,.) ox {UBS , LU; and therefore, denoting the expression in brackets by S, S-N 0-5" © Now suppose we have to deal with a ¢x #fold classification in which (4,,) = (B,,) for all values of m; and suppose, further, that the association between 4,, and B,, is perfect, so that (4,,B,)= (4) = (B,,) for all values of m, the remaining frequencies of the second order being zero; all the frequency is then concentrated in the diagonal compartments of the table, and each contributes 1 Professor Pearson (ref. 1) terms 3a sub-contingency ; x2 the square contin- gency ; the ratio x%/N, which he denotes by ¢2, the mean square contingency ; and the sum of all the &’s of one sign only, on which a different coefficient can be based. the mean contingency. 65 (5, A

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