XIV 
Contents 
PAGE 
Difference not due to “racial displacement.” . . . 355 
Pauperism the result of industrial invalidism . . . 357 
C. Crime. 
Supposed criminal proclivities of the foreigner: Popular 
prejudice unfounded ...... 358 
Increase of immigration coincident with decrease of crime. 360 
PART III. 
IMMIGRANTS IN THE LEADING INDUSTRIES. 
CHAPTER XVII. 
THE GARMENT WORKERS. 
Origin of the sweating system antedates immigration . .362 
Real wages of sewing women of past generations lower than 
to-day. Long hours in the past ..... 363 
Competition of farm-house labor in the middle of the nineteenth 
century .......... 365 
. Expansion of the clothing industry the result of immigration . 366 
Introduction of the factory system followed by increase of wages. 366 
Rates of wages not influenced by racial factors . . . 366 
Earnings of recent immigrant women higher than those of native 
Americans ......... 370 
American garment workers in the country accepting a lower rate of 
wages than Jewish city workers ..... 371 
Organization among clothing workers more effective than among 
other industrial workers in the United States . . . 372 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
THE COTTON MILLS. 
Wages in 1875-1908: intermittent advances and reductions prior 
to the “new immigration”; upward movement since. . 375 
Effect of immigration on organization of labor .... 376 
No competition between union labor and unorganized immigrants. 
In labor contests immigrants have supported the unions. 377 
Competition of the Southern mills; Cheap white labor of the 
South keeping down the wages of immigrants in the North. 381 
CHAPTER XIX. 
THE WOOLEN MILLS. 
The Lawrence strike and public opinion . 
384