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SECRETARIAL PRACTICE 
Directors’ resolutions are passed by a simple majority 
in all cases. If the voting is equal, the chairman may, if 
so authorised by the articles, give a second or casting vote. 
If he has no casting vote, and the voting is equal, the resolu- 
tion is not carried. The matter of voting generally is dealt 
with in Chapter XII. 
Although ‘a resolution of the company in general meeting 
is a formal expression of the will of the maj ority of the share- 
holders, yet it does not follow that such a resolufion is effective 
to control the policy of the company, for by the articles the 
control may be vested in the directors. Sometimes practically 
the whole of a company’s powers are vested in the directors, 
and in that case, unless the articles otherwise provide, neither 
an ordinary resolution, nor even an extraordinary resolution, 
of the members can coerce the directors in the exercise of those 
powers, but the articles must be altered by special resolution, 
if the directors are to be controlled [see Automatic Self- 
Cleansing Filter Co. v. Cuninghame (1906), 2 Ch. 34; Marshall's 
Valve Gear Co. v. Manning, Wardle & Co. (1909), 1 Ch. 267; 
Quin & Axtens v. Salmon (1909), A.C. 442].