14- MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES 
base line for each curve. The effect of the “ratio” scale is that the 
relative amount of increase or decrease in any year-to-year change is 
graphically represented by the relative slope of the connecting lines, 
that is, by the vertical change from one year to the next. If, for 
example, two series experience the same percentage decline, the 
slope of the two curves will be the same. A large percentage decline 
TABLE 36.—NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NONIMMIGRANTS, BY SEX, 
1905-1924» 
Thousands of persons 
YEAR [MMIGRANTS NONIMMIGRANTS 
ENDING Si = Er : 
June 30 ToTAL Mare ! Female |! Toran ! Mai | FEMALE 
ET 1 Cp 
1905 1,026 725 302 41 oe 
1906 1,101 764 336 66 oh 
1907 | 1,285 930 | 355 153 - ol 
1908 | 783 507 | 276 142 103 38 
1909 752 520 232 192 148 44 
1910 | 1,042 736 306 156 111 45 
1911 879 | 570 309 128 | 103 48 
1912 838 | 530 308 179 123 56 
1913 | 1,198 808 390 229 162 63 
1914 1218 799 420 185 123 61 
1915 327 187 140 108 65 43 
1916 | 299 182 117 63 44 24 
1917 "205 174 121 67 45 2 
1918 111 62 49 101 81 20 
1919 141 53 58 96 73 23 
1920 430 | 248 182 | 192 145 46 
1921" 805 449 356 1750 191 EEE 
1922 310 150 160 123 79 44 
1923 523 308 215 150 96 55 
1924 707 423 284 172 114 58 
sFrom the Statistical Abstract of the United Stales, 1921, p. 103, and the annual reports of the U. S. 
Commissioner General of Immigration. 
is shown by a sharp drop; a small percentage decline, by a slight 
drop. Hence the relative variability of the series represented can 
be approximated visually by comparison of the shapes of the curves. 
The steadier the series represented, the less the curve deviates from 
a straight line or smooth curve. To facilitate an approximation of 
the percentage change in any year, scales for percentage increases 
and decreases are given at the right of the chart. 
Also, although all the curves are drawn to the same scale, to avoid 
confusing crossing of the lines each curve has been plotted from a 
i)