THE ZEMSTVOS AND THE UNION 79
method of organizing the provincial and district committees of the
Union, as well as the smaller local organs, is to be left to the discretion
 of the local zemstvos.” As a matter of fact, conditions differed
greatly in the various localities and frequently required special
methods of work. The organization of the local institutions was by
no means uniform. There were provincial zemstvos that did not find
it necessary even to appoint provincial committees. Such zemstvos
would either entrust their war work to their regular boards, authorizing
 them to enlist the services of outsiders, or would select
from among their own number representatives to take part in the
local official or Red Cross organizations. This was the case in the
provinces of Bessarabia, Olonets, Tula, Pskov, and Taurida. These
zemstvos however were not very numerous, and most zemstvos did
form special committees. Some of the provinces adopted for this
purpose the comparatively simple plan followed by the Moscow
zemstvo.® This was done by the provinces of Vitebsk, Vyatka, Kaluga,
 and Yaroslav. At other places we find provincial committees
of an exceedingly motley composition. Here are a few examples. At
Nizhni-Novgorod the provincial committee added to its membership
a large number of local civic leaders, representatives of various government
 institutions and of municipal bodies, so that its total membership
 reached about forty. At Kostroma the provincial committee
was composed of the provincial zemstvo board, the marshal of the
nobility, deputies chosen for the Moscow Conference, the chief of
the sanitation bureau, the senior physicians of the zemstvo hospitals,
 the senior municipal medical officer, representatives of the
district committees, and of the bureau for collections. At Kiev the
committee numbered seventy-four members, including representatives
 of all hospitals. The Stavropol committee included the provincial
 zemstvo board, six members of the zemstvo assembly, two
zemstvo voters, a representative of the municipality, the chief of the
sanitation department, a representative of the administration for

® The Moscow arrangement was as follows: the provincial committee was
composed of ten members chosen by the assembly, of the entire membership
of the provincial zemstvo board, of one representative for each district committee,
 of one member of the provincial zemstvo sanitation bureau, and of one
representative of the provincial sanitation board. The district committee was
composed of five members appointed by the assembly, and of all the members
of the district zemstvo board.