OHAP, X] MILITARY AND NAVAL DEFENCE 1249
the responsibly governed Colonies should bear the expenses
of their own internal defences, and ought to assist in their
own external defence. It was not then insisted, as might
have been expected, that they should not only bear the
expenses but also make arrangements by the raising of forces
locally to maintain internal peace and good order. But one
followed naturally from the other. In 1863 the Governors
of the Australasian Colonies were informed by the Imperial
Government ! that it was not intended longer to maintain
at Imperial expense the garrisons in these Colonies, and that
if in the future these garrisons were kept there it would be
necessary that the Governments should pay for them at
rates specified in the Secretary of State’s dispatch. The
result of this procedure was not long delayed, and the
[mperial garrisons were rapidly withdrawn from the Austra-
lasian Colonies and Newfoundland, the last of the forces
leaving in 1869 and 1870. The barracks, fortifications, and
land and arms and munitions in actual use were handed
over free of cost, subject only to promises of reimburse-
ment if it were in the future necessary to send Imperial forces
to those Colonies. There was a short interval before any
regular forces were organized, but a report in 1876 by
Sir W. Jervois and Lieutenant-Colonel Scratchley on the
fortifications of Australia led to action, and gradually forces
both regular and militia were created in all the Australasian
Colonies, though Newfoundland still remains without such
forces. In 1877 the possibility of war with Russia had some
effect on the increase of the number of the troops ; in 1883—4
militia as opposed to volunteer forces appeared; in 1889
Major-General Edwards reported on the defences of Australia,
with the result that Sir H. Parkes decided to push forward
federation as essential, and the need of defence was one
of the reasons which caused the Australian Colonies to
' See Parl. Pagp., C. 459, pp. 2, 3.
* Cf. Earl Grey, Colonial Policy, i. 3553-66, 260 seq. (Canada); Adderley,
Jolonial Policy, pp. 44, 45, 53, 380-94 ; Higinbotham, in Morris’s Memoir,
pp. 204-9; Jebb, Colonial Nationalism, pp. 103 seq.; Ewart, Kingdom
of Canada, pp. 169-213; Rusden, Australia, iii. 400; Commonwealth
Official Year Book, ii. 1075-80; iv. 1074-1.
