Die Frau und die Arbeit

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1009604546

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-71914

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Carnegie, Andrew http://d-nb.info/gnd/11866719X

Title:: Kaufmanns Herrschgewalt

Edition:: 5. Auflage

Place of publication:: Leipzig

Publisher:: Verlag von G.A. Gloeckner

Year of publication:: 1914

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (XVI, 221 Seiten)

Digitisation:: 2017

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: X. Geschäft

Collection:: Economics Books

III. —ASSOCIATION. 9 The coefficient is only mentioned here to direct the attention of the student to the possibility of forming such a measure of association, a measure which serves a similar purpose in the case of attributes to that served by certain other coefficients in the cases of manifold classification (cf. Chap. V.) and of variables (¢f. Chap. IX., and the references to Chaps. X. and XVI). For further illustrations of the use of this coefficient the reader is referred to the reference (1) at the end of this chapter; for the modified form of the coefficient, possessing the same properties but certain advantages, to ref. (3); and for a mode of deducing another coefficient, based on theorems in the theory of variables, which has come into more general use, though in the opinion of the present writer its use is of doubtful advantage, to ref. (4). Reference should also be made to the coefficient described in § 10 of Chap. XI. The question of the best coefficient to use as a measure of association is still the subject of controversy: for a discussion the student is referred to refs. (3), (5), and (6). 14. In concluding this chapter, it may be well to repeat, for the sake of emphasis, that (cf. § 5) the mere fact of 80, 90, or 99 per cent. of A’s being B implies nothing as to the association of 4 with B; in the absence of information, we can but assume that 80, 90, or 99 per cent. of a’s may also be B. In order to apply the criterion of independence for two attributes 4 and B, it is necessary to have information concerning a’s and A’s as well as A’s and B’s, or concerning a universe that includes both a’s and A’s, B's and B’s. Hence an investigation as to the causal relations of an attribute 4 must not be confined to 4’s, but must be extended to a’s (unless, of course, the necessary information as to a's is already obtainable): no comparison is otherwise possible. It would be no use to obtain with great pains the result (¢f. Example vi.) that 296 per thousand of deaf-mutes were imbecile unless we knew that the proportion of imbeciles in the whole population was only 1'5 per thousand ; nor would it contribute anything to our know dge of the heredity of deaf- mutism to find out the proportion of deaf-mutes amongst the offspring of deaf-mutes unless the proportions amongst the off- spring of normal individuals were also investigated or known. REFERENCES. (1) YuLe, G. U., “On the Association of Attributes in Statistics,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Series A, vol. cxciv., 1900, p. 257. (Deals fully with the theory of association : the association coefficient of § 13 suggested.) (2) Yur, G. U., ‘““Notes on the Theory of Association of Attributes in Statistics,” Biometrika, vol. ii., 1903, p. 121. (Contains an abstract of the principal portions of (1) and other matter.) 3:

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