An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1751730271

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127610

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Yule, George Udny http://d-nb.info/gnd/12910504X

Title:: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Edition:: 8. ed. rev

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Griffin

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: XV, 422 S; Ill., Diagr

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part II. The theory of variables

Collection:: Economics Books

PART IL—THE THEORY OF VARIABLES. CHAPTER VI. THE FREQUENCY-DISTRIBUTION. 1. Introduetory—2. Necessity for classification of observations: the frequency distribution—3. Illustrations—4. Method of forming the table—5. Magnitude of class-interval—6. Position of intervals—7. Process of classification—8. Treatment of intermediate observations—9. Tabula- tion—10. Tables with unequal intervals—11. Graphical representa- tion of the frequency-distribution—12. Ideal frequency-distributions —13. The symmetrical distribution—14. The moderately asymmetri- cal distribution—15. The extremely asymmetrical or J-shaped dis- tribution—16. The U-shaped distribution. 1. TeE methods described in Chaps. I.-V. are applicable to all observations, whether qualitative or quantitative ; we have now to proceed to the consideration of specialised processes, definitely adapted to the treatment of quantitative measurements, but not as a rule available (with some important exceptions, as suggested by Chap: I. § 2) for the discussion of purely qualitative observa- tions. Since numerical measurement is applied only in the case of a quantity that can present more than one numerical value, that is, a varying quantity, or more shortly a variable, this section of the work may be termed the theory of variables. As common examples of such variables that are subject to statistical treat- ment may be cited birth- or death-rates, prices, wages, barometer readings, rainfall records, and measurements or enumerations (e.g. of glands, spines, or petals) on animals or plants. 2. If some hundreds or thousands of values of a variable have been noted merely in the arbitrary order in which they happened to occur, the mind cannot properly grasp the significance of the record : the observations must be ranked or classified in some way before the characteristics of the series can be comprehended, and those comparisons, on which arguments as to causation depend, can be made with other series. The dichotomous classi- 75

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