The agrarian system of Moslem India

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1804119261

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-188010

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Moreland, William Harrison http://d-nb.info/gnd/172263670

Title:: The agrarian system of Moslem India

Edition:: 2. ed. Reissue (d. Ausg. Cambridge) 1929; [Reprint]

Place of publication:: Delhi

Publisher:: Oriental Books, Munshiram Manoharlal

Year of publication:: 1968

Scope:: XVII, 296 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Chapter VC. The seventeenth century

Collection:: Economics Books

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 133 individuals,! but their application is obviously intended to be general, and we may reasonably infer that a copy was sent to each provincial Diwan, addressed to him by name; the earlier document is based on enquiries made throughout the Reserved and Assigned areas of the Empire, while the latter applies specifically to the revenue officers of “the Empire of Hindustan from end to end.” The two orders are distinguished by a marked difference in the terminology employed. The language of the earlier is substantially that which was used in official documents in the time of Akbar, and presents no serious difficulties in interpretation, though a few phrases are obscure. The later order is expressed in the terms of Islamic Law, and is obviously related to the extant collection? of Fatwas, or rulings given by ecclesiastical jurists on questions referred to them by the Emperor. The farmian is based either on these fatwas or on some earlier pronouncements of similar purport; and it must be taken as part of Aurangzeb’s attempt to conduct his administration in accordance with the religious system of which he was so devoted an adherent. The first order is characterised by precise and logical arrangement, practically identical with that of Akbar’s rules for collectors, and it shows us in operation the ad- ministrative dyarchy, the introduction of which was noticed in the last Chapter. Revenue from the Reserved areas was expended by the Emperor, not the Viceroy; and it was assessed and collected by the Revenue Ministry, acting through the provincial Diwans. Accordingly, we read nothing about Viceroys or Governors: all references are to ! The first order is addressed to Rashik Dis Krori, but its terms show that it was intended for a provincial Diwan, because it instructs him how to control the Amin, the Amil or Krori, and the Treasurer, who constituted the Diwan’s staff. The word “ Krori,”” must therefore be read as a soubriquet rather than a designation; such soubriquets were commonly employed when there were two or more officers bearing one name, and presumably Rashik Dis had been a Krori before promotion to the post of Diwan. I have not traced a reference to him in the chronicles, but they do not give anything like a complete list of provincial Diwins at this period. The recipient of the second order, Muhammad Hashim, was. according to Professor Sarkar, provincial Diwan of Gujarat. * Fatawa-i Alamgir, title *“ Ushr and Khardj.”” The text is Arabic, and I know of no published translation; that which I have used was made for me bv Mr. U. M. Daudpota.

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