The agrarian system of Moslem India

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1804119261

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-188010

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Moreland, William Harrison http://d-nb.info/gnd/172263670

Title:: The agrarian system of Moslem India

Edition:: 2. ed. Reissue (d. Ausg. Cambridge) 1929; [Reprint]

Place of publication:: Delhi

Publisher:: Oriental Books, Munshiram Manoharlal

Year of publication:: 1968

Scope:: XVII, 296 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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212 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA given below. It will be remembered that an officer’s remuneration was usually fixed in cash. Sometimes the salary was paid by the treasury, but ordinarily it was adjusted by assignment of the Demand on a stated area. The Income actually received from an Assignment necessarily varied with the season and other causes; and did not necessarily agree with the Valuation, or estimate of Income, on the basis of which the Assignment had been allocated. 8. Jama.—This word carries the general sense of “aggre- gation” or “total,” and occurs in the literature both in this meaning and also in at least three specialised senses. (a). In the Accounts department, it meant the receipt-side of a cash account. as contrasted with kharch, the expenditure- side. (3), (c). In revenue administration, it may mean either Demand or Valuation according to the context; and the failure of translators to recognise this ambiguity probably accounts for most of the difficulty experienced by students in under- standing the technical literature of the subject. (0) Demand. Khwafi Khan occasionally (e.g. i. 403, 714) wrote the full phrase, jama-i mal, or “aggregate of Demand,” and wherever this phrase occurs, the sense of Demand is clear. This writer, however, also used jama alone, and some earlier writers followed the same practice; in such cases, the context is the only guide to the meaning. In some official documents, all of them referring to local administration, the sense of Demand is clear. The most noteworthy case is Aurangzeb’s farman to Rashik Das, where jama is used consistently to denote the Demand on a peasant; and the same meaning is appropriate in Akbar’s rules for collectors and their clerks (Ain, i. 286-88), though in some of these passages the word need not mean moie than “total.” In the unofficial literature, the sense of Demand is exceedingly rare, and I have found no clear instance earlier than the eighteenth century; it is appropriate in one passage in Siqi (345), and it occurs in Khwalfi Khan (e.g. i. 583, ii. 782) alongside of the alternative sense. (c) Valuation. When used in connection with the head- quarters administration, jama refers uniformly to the Valuation for Assignment; and, according to the context, may denote either the figure at which a particular area was valued, or the record of Valuation of the Empire as a whole. Apparently the

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