Encyklopädie der Rechtswissenschaft: Encyklopädie der Rechtswissenschaft

The agrarian system of Moslem India

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Multivolume work

Identifikator:: 1896404200

Document type:: Multivolume work

Title:: Encyklopädie der Rechtswissenschaft

Place of publication:: Leipzig

Publisher:: Duncker & Humblot [u.a.]

Year of publication:: 1904-

Collection:: Economics Books

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Volume

Identifikator:: 1896404219

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-236878

Document type:: Volume

Title:: Encyklopädie der Rechtswissenschaft

Volume count:: Bd. 1

Place of publication:: Leipzig

Publisher:: Duncker & Humblot [u.a.]

Year of publication:: 1904

Scope:: 1114 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: I. Rechtsphilosophie und Universalrechtsgeschichte von Professor J. Kohler in Berlin

Collection:: Economics Books

THE LAST PHASE IN NORTHERN INDIA 169 one-half the produce, while in particular localities there were various allowances and deductions, which further com- plicate the figures; but for land in regular cultivation, and not liable to injury from special causes, it may be said that the rates recognised in the annual agreements between Headmen and peasants ranged upwards, rather than down- wards, from 20 ser in the maund (40 ser) of produce, and that 22} ser was a common figure, representing 20 ser for the Intermediary and 2} for the Brotherhood. This general standard of payments applied to the ordinary cultivated land. For specially precarious fields, the charges ranged from one-third to one-fourth, and down to one- eighth, while there were recognised local scales of payment for land which had been uncultivated for some time. As regards the methods of assessing the charge, a dis- tinction must be drawn between the Doab, where the agree- ments usually rested on the area sown, and the country beyond the Ganges, where they usually rested on the produce gathered. In Rohilkhand and Gorakhpur, those crops which are handled on the threshing-floor were ordi- narily subjected to Estimation, and the estimated amount according to the agreed share was valued at the prices ruling in the nearest market, so that what changed hands was cash, not grain. Actual division of the produce was rare, but it was the regular way of settling disputes over the estimate in the few cases where these occurred. For such crops as are not handled on the threshing-floor, the agree- ments provided for cash payments at rates per bigha, which appear to have been recognised in particular localities, but differed even within a village according to the productive quality of the soil! Thus in ordinary cases the Headman received money from the peasants, though in exceptional cases he might have to market a share of grain in order to provide cash for paying the revenue. In the Doab. the agreements usually fixed payments in ' In Rohilkhand these rates were known as zabti, a term which still survives. It may safely be referred to zabt, the official name for Akbar’s developed revenue-system, the characteristic feature of which was cash- rates varying with the crop. The crops paying zabti rates were usually (1) sugarcane and indigo, where the produce must be worked up as it is cut; (2) poppy, and vegetables or garden crops, where the produce is gathered from dav to dav

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