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Gesetz betreffend Kinderarbeit in gewerblichen Betrieben

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 876559135

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-1676

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Borght, Richard van der http://d-nb.info/gnd/11625274X

Title:: Grundzüge der Sozialpolitik

Place of publication:: Leipzig

Publisher:: Verlag von C. L. Hirschfeld

Year of publication:: 1904

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 566 Seiten)

Digitisation:: 2017

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

IV.—PARTIAL ASSOCIATION. . (2) It is observed, at a general election, that a greater proportion of the candidates who spent more money than their opponents won their elections than of those who spent less. It is argued that this does not mean an influence of expenditure on the result of elections, but is due to the fact that Conservative principles generally carried the day, and that the Conservatives generally spent more than the Liberals. Denoting winning by 4, spending more than the opponent by B, and Conservative by C, the argument is the same as the above (¢f. Question 9 at the end of the chapter). (3) An association is observed between the presence of some attribute in the father and its presence in the son ; and also between the presence of the attribute in the grandfather and its prescuce in the grandson. Denoting the presence of the attribute in son, father, and grandfather by 4, B, and C, the question arises whether the association between 4 and C may not be due solely to the associations between 4 and B, B and C, respectively. 3. The ambiguity in such cases evidently arises from the fact that the universe of observation, in each case, contains not merely objects possessing the third attribute alone, or objects not possessing it, but both. If the universe were restricted to either class alone the given ambiguity would not arise, though of course others might remain. Thus, in the first illustration, if the statistics of vaccination and attack were drawn from one narrow section of the population living under approximately the same hygienic conditions, and an association were still observed between vaccination and exemption from attack, the supposed argument would be refuted. The fact would prove that the association between vaccination and exemption could not be wholly due to the association of both with hygienic conditions. Again, in the second illustration, if we confine our attention to the “universe ” of Conservatives (instead of dealing with candidates of both parties together), and compare the percentages of Conserva- tives winning elections when they spend more than their opponents and when they spend less, we shall avoid the possible fallacy. If the percentage is greater in the former case than in the latter, it cannot be for the reasons suggested in § 2. The biological case of the third illustration should be similarly treated. If the association between 4 and ¢ be observed for those cases in which all the parents, say, possess the attribute, or else all do not, and it is still sensible, then the association first observed between 4 and C' for the whole universe cannot have yg due solely to the observed associations between 4 and B, B and CO. 435

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