C0LLEC7VV/SM AND LAND NATIONALIZATION. 201 
shops, in theory the collective property of the State, would, in 
practice, be handed over to corporations of working men, who 
would manage them in the same way as joint-stock companies 
do to-day. Workmen would be paid in proportion to the 
amount and the quality of their work. They would, therefore, 
have the same incentive as at present to bring to their labour 
the virtues of energy and carefulness. The difference would 
be that, on the one hand, they would obtain the full product of 
their labour, as nothing would have to be deducted for rent, 
interest, or profits, and, on the other hand, everybody would be 
obliged to work, as the means of production, having ceased to 
be private property, would no longer furnish private incomes, 
such as at present permit people to live in idleness. 
In primitive societies, where every man owns the instruments 
of production, his plot of land, his loom, or his tool, private 
property realizes the aim of justice, which consists in allowing 
every man to enjoy the entire fruits of his labour. But under 
the régime of industrial production on a large scale and large 
anded estates, with their concomitants of wage-earning and 
tenant-farming, the remuneration of labour is reduced to a 
minimum by the competition for land or for employment, that 
IS to say, by the tolls levied by the possessors of land and capital 
Collectivism, by means of the system of co-operative production 
necessitated by the employment of machines, aims at realizing 
the results of generalized private property, namely, the assurance 
of the full enjoyment of the produce to the producer. Every- 
thing relating to the means of transport and to the circulating 
medium, whether money or credit, would become a public 
department. Dr. Schæffle even supposes the realization of a 
general scheme of remuneration and exchange, like that suggested 
by Proudhon and Marx, and which would be of the following 
nature. In accordance with the theory of those economists who 
consider labour the exclusive source of value, the workman 
would receive for each article the price of as many hours of 
labour as, “on the average," were required for the manufacture 
of he article. The price would be paid in labour-notes exchange- 
e or goods. 1 he goods for sale would be deposited in public 
warehouses or co-operative stores, where they would be ex-