123
with easy manual labor. The hospital was considerably enlarged
several times in the course of the War.?®

SICK AND WOUNDED

After the first feverish activities in equipping a sufficient number
of beds, the local zemstvo committees found that about one-third of
all the sick and wounded soldiers were in need, not only of general,
but also of special treatment. The work of the zemstvos now gradually
 tended more and more toward specialization either in hospitals
already opened or in special hospitals newly created. Thus, in the
city of Voronezh, on January 1, 1916, twenty zemstvo hospitals
were functioning, as follows: six surgical hospitals, four mixed, one
therapeutic hospital; one for infectious diseases, one for erysipelas,
one for nervous disorders, and one representing a temporary home
for patients awaiting evacuation. In Samara special hospitals were
established for diseases of the ear, throat, and nose, and for skin
and venereal diseases, as well as for nervous disorders and infectious
diseases. In the province of Perm, fifty-four zemstvo hospitals were
in operation on September 1, 1916, and there were also special hospitals
 for nervous disorders and for eye and ear diseases, as well as
sanatoriums for mineral water and koumiss®® treatment. A similar
specialization in hospital treatment was carried through in the province
 of Ekaterinoslav and in a majority of other provinces. Particularly
 frequent in these reports is the mention of hospitals for nervous
 disorders. A typical institution of this kind was the hospital of
the Voronezh zemstvo. It was opened in October, 1914, with 50 beds,
but very soon increased this number to 130 and finally to 170. It was
always crowded and the monthly percentage of occupied beds varied
from 90 to 101. The hospital was opened in the building of the
technical school and provided with steam heat, electricity, and bath
rooms. Toward the close of the second week the equipment was completed
 and the hospital was able to operate efficiently. In the course
of the year a total of 540 patients was admitted from other zemstvo
hospitals to this institution, while 199 patients came from hospitals
maintained by the Union of Towns, 35 admissions were from mili-2
 Izvestia (Bulletin), No. 2, pp. 64-72; No. 45, pp. 13-21; No. 10, pp.
36-58.
*® Koumiss—a fermented alcoholic drink prepared from mare’s milk.

Other Hospitals for Special Treatments.