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SUBMISSION

109

the qualities of a ruler. He is called a ruler on account of
subjective, psychological characteristics which would fit
him for the position of ruler in an actual interrelation. The
history of Spain shows an interesting illustration of the
persistence of the psychological characteristic long after
the actual sociological relationships had disappeared. The
Spaniards felt themselves rulers and had as a nation the
characteristics of a ruling group long after the Moors and
the Jews, whom they once actually ruled, had been driven
out of the country. This occurs, however, only in exceptional
 cases.
The more prevalent form of a society having a character
 which contrasts with that of the subordinate group
is the society which allows great freedom and liberty to all
its members. Freedom and liberty, however, usually do
not mean a static condition, a mere absence of subordination.
 Liberation from subjection has usually meant at the
same time a gaining of superiority, either over existing
groups or over new groups. Struggles for freedom have
usually ended in struggles for supremacy. The liberation
of the third estate in France has meant the gaining of superiority
 both over the new fourth estate and over the
older circles to which it was once subordinated. Equality
with the superior group is but the first step on the road to
the desired dominion over the former superior. Gaining
liberty therefore usually means gaining authority. A special
 instance of liberation through the gaining of authority
occurs in the case where a smaller group obtains from a
larger group the full jurisdiction over its members. In this
case liberation means that the small group as a whole, as a
superindividual unity, becomes master over its individual
members.
A social structure free from all relationships of superiority
 and subordination has been for many an ideal. But