Sec. 4] PSYCHIC INCOME 169

Nor is it necessary to take sides in the controversies regarding
 the relations between mind and body. We are
not concerned with cause and effect, but with means and
end, and, whatever may be the causation of mental states,
the human body is certainly the means by which the good
from external wealth is finally communicated to the consciousness
 of the owner.

§4

The two kinds of final income, the physical and the
psychical, or the objective and subjective, are both legitimate
 in their proper spheres. Usually the physical and
psychical income are equal to each other in value. A loaf
of bread which yields ten cents’ worth of services presumably
gives ten cents’ worth of immediate satisfaction. When one
enjoys a musical concert worth one dollar, it does not matter
whether we say that the services of the musicians in producing
 vibrations are worth one dollar, or the enjoyment
which these vibrations occasion in the mind is worth this
sum. When rent is paid for a house, this is generally
taken to measure also the subjective comfort obtained
through it. :
Nevertheless, there are several points at which the valuations
 of subjective and objective income are different, and
three of these are sufficiently important to emphasize.
The first case is that in which the transformation within
the body takes a long time. Here the two species of income
 do not correspond. For instance, the instruction
received by an apprentice in preparation for his trade is a
service rendered to him in the training of his body in manual
dexterity, in order that, a few years later, this manual
dexterity may increase his income-earning power. Apbut

 pain,’ she continually said in her letters, “makes my life supportable.’”
 Bougand, Hist. de la bienheureuse Marguerite Marie, Paris,
1894, pp. 171, 265. Cf. also pp. 386, 387. Quoted from William
James, Varieties of Religious Experience, 1902, p. 310.